Is Spain an ¡°alcoholic society¡±?

Ra¨²l Rodrigo is a lifelong Real Madrid fan. But now, the 40-year-old former quantity surveyor turned barkeep has even more reason to cheer his side on. When the team loses in the Champions League, he will take around €300 in an evening, with the bar emptying within minutes of the final whistle. But when they win, he¡¯ll make more than three times that amount.

Ra¨²l¡¯s is one of around 280,000 bars throughout Spain: that¡¯s one for every 165 people, the highest ratio in the European Union. The World Health Organization (WHO) has just announced that Spain enjoys the best life-expectancy and health in the EU, but that rising alcohol consumption, along with smoking and obesity, are growing problems. The country¡¯s National Drug Plan says that alcohol use comes in at around 11.2 liters per head a year, twice the global average (6.2) and higher than Europe¡¯s (10.9). But Spain¡¯s figures also show that 31 percent of the population says it never drinks.

Beer is Spaniards¡¯ favorite tipple, which is drunk by 50 percent of the population; then spirits (28 percent), and wine (20 percent).

There are 280,000 bars throughout Spain: one for every 165 people, the highest ratio in the European Union

¡°Spain has always been an alcoholic society,¡± says Eusebio Meg¨ªas, a psychiatrist and director of the Spanish Foundation against Drug Addiction. ¡°The way we drink is different, and has more to do with diet and the Mediterranean lifestyle. But that doesn¡¯t mean we don¡¯t drink to excess. It¡¯s just that society and the individual don¡¯t see it as a danger. Alcohol is only perceived as a problem when it impacts on safety, such as traffic accidents, or public order, but never as a health issue.¡±

It¡¯s certainly true that alcohol runs through the veins of Spanish society, and is a part of its DNA: wine has always been present at meals, with young children traditionally allowed a sip or two mixed with lemonade, and gin was even given to young girls to help with period pain. Traffic police used to be seen enjoying a morning coffee and brandy in roadside restaurants before heading out on duty, while the country¡¯s cultural history is awash with boozy writers. And today, many restaurants offer customers who will already have got through a couple of beers and half a bottle of wine a shot of some powerful spirit at the end of the meal, on the house.

Not that Spaniards are alcohol dependent ¨C at least not officially. According to the National Drug Plan, just 0.4 percent of the population are registered as alcoholics. ¡°The tip of the iceberg,¡± says Francisco Camarelles, the coordinator of a campaign set up by doctors to help educate people about the dangers of booze. It says there are at least 1.5 million people in Spain who, quite simply, drink too much and as such are putting their health at risk.

Camarelles says the problem is that most people are unaware of the dangers. When asked how much they drink, most people tell their doctor ¡°the normal amount.¡± When broken down, this turns out to be above recommended levels. ¡°Some people are so surprised when they are told how much they drink that they reduce the amount immediately,¡± says Camarelles, who admits to a tipple himself: ¡°Beer, wine, a long drink if the occasion demands it. This isn¡¯t about panicking people, it¡¯s about informing them so they can make decisions,¡± he says, adding that he has just returned from Russia, where he lost count of the number of office workers he saw stumbling around drunk.

Wine has always been present at meals, and gin was even given to young girls to help with period pain

¡°When do you know you¡¯re drinking too much? When you drink more than your doctor,¡± jokes Fernando Caudevilla, a member of Energy Control, an organization that works to educate people about responsible drug and alcohol use. Caudevilla argues that alcohol is not necessarily dangerous: ¡°Only beyond a certain point,¡± adding: ¡°It¡¯s not a moral issue, it¡¯s scientific evidence.¡±

Marta, a journalist aged 50 with two teenage children, is aware of the science. After a lengthy period of heavy drinking ¡°to get over a breakup and to deal with anxiety,¡± she now describes herself as a ¡°hedonistic¡± drinker. ¡°I drink, alone, or with people, because I like it. When I drink I feel more confident, more clever, more attractive. We need to get rid of the stigma associated with alcohol. I don¡¯t want my children to be alcoholics, but I¡¯d like them to enjoy it if they want to. It¡¯s a pleasure I¡¯m not going to give up.¡±

Meanwhile, over at Ra¨²l¡¯s bar, it¡¯s a quiet evening. Two years ago, he was about to close the place for lack of customers. But things have picked up, and he¡¯s riding the crisis out. But he can¡¯t wait for the Champions League to get going, and is praying Real Madrid to go all the way to the final.