Why heroin is threatening to make a comeback in Spain

For decades it was known as ¡°caballo,¡± or horse, and it inspired a plethora of metaphors. In the 1980s, it plagued a generation of Spaniards, and tore families apart in an epidemic that gradually lost momentum. Recently, however, the threat of widespread heroin consumption is once again hanging over Spain. And while user numbers have remained stable, laboratories have been dismantled for the first time ever in Valladolid and Cuenca, with police seizing 56 kilograms in April in Tui, Galicia; 27 kilograms between A Coru?a and Portugal in December 2015; and another 16 kilograms in July 2015 from the Arosa River. This year alone 256 kilograms of heroin has been confiscated by police, 12 kilograms more than last year. So where is it all coming from?

This year alone 256 kilograms of heroin has been confiscated by police, 12 kilograms more than last year

During the presentation of its annual report at the end of May in Lisbon, the EU Drugs Agency (EMCDDA) warned of the dangers of a domino effect triggered by the flood of heroin from Afghanistan and spoke of a rise in deaths from overdoses. ¡±It is not clear whether these phenomena are related but it¡¯s worth investigating,¡± the report said.

Just when heroin was beginning to seem like a drug of the past, associated with the ravages of AIDS, all the signs point to a potential resurgence. ¡°Although there are no data suggesting a rise in consumption, heroin is starting to be used as a relaxant, to counteract the effects of more stimulating drugs such as cocaine,¡± says drug squad chief Jos¨¦ Ramon Nore?a. It¡¯s a view backed by anti-drug associations in Galicia.

Basically, the glut of heroin is to do with the laws of supply and demand. ¡°Since the Americans and the blue berets left Afghanistan, the number of poppy plantations has rocketed, as has production,¡± says the Chief of the Central Narcotics Squad. ¡°It is coming into Europe through Turkey. The Turks are great businessmen and they have an incredible network of contacts at their disposal.¡±

According to the police, it is these groups of Turkish ¡°businessmen¡± who smuggle the drug in and out of Rotterdam. ¡°There are a lot of Turkish immigrants living around the port. They are the ones who store and market the drugs. Right now there is unsold stock so it is extremely cheap,¡± says one officer, who calculates that a kilo of heroin worth €20,000 can bring in €10,000 profit just for transporting it.

¡°It¡¯s all organized from Holland and if there are investigations, that is where they hit a wall,¡± says Judge Jos¨¦ Antonio Vazquez Tain, who is well known for his role in the war on drugs. ¡°Their methods are not effective in dealing with organized crime. Now they also have a problem with Islamic terrorism but they don¡¯t realize it.¡±

The only controls smugglers run up against are in France because of the Jihadi terrorism threat

Experts agree that the Dutch don¡¯t see drugs as a priority. ¡°In Spain we are much more proactive,¡± says Nore?a. ¡°It¡¯s as though they were blind to them.¡±

Heroin reaches Spain in the false bottoms of trucks or simply tucked away in smaller vehicles. ¡°It¡¯s easier to smuggle because the quantities are small,¡± says another drug squad officer. ¡°We¡¯re not talking about big containers like they need for cocaine. The only controls they run up against are in France because of the Jihadi terrorism threat, otherwise they come and go from Holland as they please.¡±

Galicia is one of the biggest destinations for heroin, along with Barcelona, Madrid and Zaragoza. The networks have long been established and its border with Portugal makes it challenging territory to police. ¡°They have recently discovered groups from Albania and Kosovo who are distributing it on both sides of the frontier, from Tui and Porri?o to Portugal,¡± says a drug squad boss in Galicia.

Many of the drug families are coming out of jail now and getting back to work, making use of the new contacts they have made in prison. They¡¯re always on the job

According to a police chief in Pontevedra, ¡°They even use the neighboring Portuguese towns to store the stuff because they know that although there is a good understanding between the Spanish and Portuguese police, the border makes investigations more difficult.¡±

In Galicia, the drug trade is run by the same crowd as always. They go about their business under the indifferent gaze of the locals who frequent their stores and bars. ¡°The big drug families are still in business,¡± says one of the directors of the Special Response Group Against Organized Crime (GRECO) in Galicia. ¡°Many of them are coming out of jail now and getting back to work, making use of the new contacts they have made in prison. They¡¯re always on the job,¡± he jokes.

English version by Heather Galloway.