The place where bleach ¡°cures¡± autism and vaccines spread epidemics

There is a place where cancer can be cured in just 42 hours and where all the doctors in the world are conspiring to deceive the population. It is a place where you can ¡°cure¡± autism with bleach, and where vaccines, far from preventing epidemics, actually spread them.

This place is called social media, where a losing battle is being waged on a daily basis against dangerous health hoaxes and misinformation. In Spain, the internet is the second most important source of information on pseudotherapies, and two-thirds of citizens go online to read up on health issues.

There are many statements to the effect that action is going to be taken, but we are not seeing very many results

Carlos Mateos, #SaludSinBulos

Recent studies show that much of the health information available online is false. And in some cases, this misleading information is intentional. Despite this, major social media companies are allowing much of this toxic content to remain available, citing freedom of expression and their own ambiguous content-removal policies.

A joint report by the Medical Association of Barcelona, the Catalan health department and the Audiovisual Council of Catalonia analyzed 14 videos available on YouTube that make particularly dangerous assertions about health, and which have collectively been viewed more than 25 million times.

One of these videos, obtained by typing the words ¡°cure¡± and ¡°cancer¡± in the search box, states that cancer can be cured in 42 hours using beet juice.

The study, presented two weeks ago, said that 74% of the top 50 results that came up using those search terms contained similar false claims and other pseudoscientific messages.

All three institutions made a joint request to YouTube, asking the company to take down the videos because ¡°they promise to cure cancer using miracle remedies with no scientific basis, and they discredit the treatments provided by medical professionals.¡±

YouTube did no such thing. A company spokesperson told this newspaper that they cannot comment on specific cases, but noted that YouTube abides by its own policy: ¡°When a video has been flagged and it violates our Terms and Conditions, we remove it; when it does not, it stays on the platform.¡±

Josep P¨¤mies, one of the most popular communicators of pseudoscience and fake remedies in Spain, has more than 330,000 Facebook followers all over the world. This newspaper contacted the social media company to know what criteria it follows to keep the account open, since Facebook claims to be trying to fight disinformation and says its priority is preserving people¡¯s safety.

On his Facebook page, P¨¤mies insistently vilifies medicine and recommends all kinds of fake remedies, such as a type of diluted industrial bleach called MMS (short for Miracle Mineral Solution) that purportedly works as a medical panacea, curing everything from Ebola to autism. This product has been banned since 2010 by the Spanish Health Ministry because of its potential for serious adverse health effects, and P¨¤mies is facing sanctions from the Catalan government for promoting it.

On Wednesday, just hours after being queried about P¨¤mies¡¯ Facebook page, the latter became temporarily unavailable. The company replied that it follows strict rules about MMS promotion: ¡°These publications were deleted, but the page was erroneously deleted at the same time,¡± it said.

P¨¤mies¡¯ website has been considered especially dangerous by the Observatory Against Pseudoscience, an oversight body run by the medical association Organizaci¨®n M¨¦dica Colegial (OMC), which represents the nearly 250,000 licensed medical practitioners working in Spain. Meanwhile, P¨¤mies has been denouncing attempts to curtail his freedom of expression.

Speech vs reach

Rene¨¦ DiResta, an expert on media and misinformation, notes that there is a difference between ¡°freedom of speech and freedom of reach.¡± In a column for Wired magazine, she underlined that ¡°YouTube¡¯s video-recommendation algorithm inspires 700,000,000 hours of watch time per day ¨C and can spread misinformation, disrupt elections, and incite violence [¡­]. There is no right to algorithmic amplification. In fact, that¡¯s the very problem that needs fixing.¡±

¡°YouTube is the world¡¯s second search engine and it is full of false information. In some cases, and for certain diseases and health issues, there is more fake information than real information,¡± adds Carlos Mateos, coordinator of the initiative #SaludSinBulos (HealthWithoutHoaxes). ¡°There are many statements to the effect that action is going to be taken, but we are not seeing very many results.¡±

They promise to cure cancer using miracle remedies with no scientific basis, and they discredit the treatments provided by medical professionals

Catalan health study

According to a study by Spain¡¯s Sociology Research Center (CIS), the internet is the second most important source of information on pseudotherapies (22.4%), after word of mouth. And another study by the National Telecommunications Observatory shows that 60.5% of Spaniards get their health information online.

Social media have been flooded with ill-intentioned hoaxes for a long time. Half of all messages about vaccines posted on Twitter contain anti-vaccine beliefs, according to a study that analyzed 550,000 tweets between 2009 and 2015, published in Social Sciences & Medicine.

During the Zika pandemic in the United States, a group of researchers monitored information about the virus available on Facebook. ¡°We found that misleading posts were far more popular than the posts dispersing accurate relevant public health information about the disease,¡± noted the researchers, who published their study in the American Journal of Infection Control.

English version by Susana Urra.