What men need to know about prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
¡°PIN¡± is a condition in which cells begin to look and behave abnormally, and is considered to be a precancerous condition
The gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer is a biopsy of the prostate. The samples of tissue taken from the biopsy will be studied under a microscope by a pathologist who interprets the findings from their analysis.
One finding or result a pathologist will find in about 16% of men who undergo a prostate biopsy, is what is called prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or PIN for short. PIN is a condition in which cells from the prostate begin to look and behave abnormally and is considered to be a precancerous condition ¨C as such it is not actually prostate cancer.
Where PIN begins
The abnormal cells of PIN begin and are located in two different areas of the prostate ¨C one area is called acini, which is the lining of tiny sacs that give the prostate its sponge-like appearance. These same sacs are responsible for producing the fluid that is mixed together with sperm helping to create semen.
The second area PIN may be located in is in the lining of the ducts that carry this fluid to the main ejaculatory duct that reaches the penis.
As PIN develops, the epithelial cells lining the acini and the ducts look abnormal even though the lining itself remains intact. This is different from prostate cancer, in which the epithelial lining ruptures and the malignant cells penetrate into the tissue of the prostate gland.
How is PIN different from prostate cancer?
PIN has various differences from prostate cancer. One difference is that it cannot be detected during a digital rectal exam. Another way is that PIN does not cause PSA levels to rise, as prostate cancer would. The way it is diagnosed is either during a prostate biopsy or when a treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia ¨C called transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) ¨C is performed, where prostate tissue is removed.
When this condition is discovered, it is given a grade of either low-grade PIN or high-grade PIN. Low-grade PIN does not increase a man¡¯s risk of prostate cancer as the abnormal cells are only slightly different from normal cells.
High-grade PIN could increase the chance as the abnormality of the cells is more pronounced than in low-grade PIN. This makes it more likely that high-grade PIN could lead to the development of prostate cancer.
One reason for the increased risk is that high-grade PIN is usually found in the peripheral zone of the prostate, where most cases of prostate cancer start. Another reason is that 82% of prostate specimens with cancer also had areas of high-grade PIN while only 43% of those without prostate cancer did. A third reason is that men with high-grade PIN have an increased risk for prostate cancer during a follow-up biopsy when compared to men with low-grade PIN or normal tissue.
Options for men with high-grade PIN
Because of the dilemma associated with high-grade PIN and the possible increased risk of going on to develop prostate cancer, doctors are often divided on what to recommend when it is discovered.
Some doctors may recommend using the standard prostate cancer screening tests of the blood test for PSA, a digital rectal exam, transrectal ultrasound, and looking into family history of prostate cancer to evaluate the risk of progression. But the issue with this is the test does not reliably help identify men who have high-grade PIN and who will go on to develop prostate cancer.
This leaves open other options that a doctor may recommend after a patient has been diagnosed with PIN. This might include a follow-up biopsy in three to six months, six to 12 months, or at three years. Doctors who want to keep an extra close eye on high-grade PIN may recommend multiple biopsies done every three to six months for two years, and then annually for life.
There are no one-size-fits-all recommendations for every man with high-grade PIN. If a man is diagnosed with high-grade PIN, he should have a close working relationship with his doctor to determine the best way to manage it by doing a thorough evaluation of his risk profile to decide when a second biopsy should be done.
Remember, high-grade PIN is not the same thing as prostate cancer ¨C there is time to decide the course of action to take and in the meantime, look ahead to new treatment options in the future.
Dr David Samadi is a board-certified urologic oncologist trained in open and traditional and laparoscopic surgery and is an expert in robotic prostate surgery. He is chairman of urology, chief of robotic surgery at Lenox Hill Hospital. He is a medical correspondent for the Fox News Channel¡¯s Medical A-Team. Follow Dr Samadi on Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, SamadiMD.com and Facebook.
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